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Chemical Exposures to Oil and Gas Workers

Media reports drew attention to the deaths of nine workers involved in manual tank gauging, sampling, and fluid transfer at oil and gas extraction sites in USA. In all nine cases, which occurred at crude oil production tanks during the period 2010–2014, the inhalation of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons is considered a possible contributing factor. Information from various sources on these fatalities and reported exposures at other sites appears below.

All nine victims were either working alone or not being observed at the time of death. In each instance, hydrogen sulfide exposure was ruled out as a possible cause. Four of the fatalities occurred during tank gauging, a task in which workers determine fluid levels by inserting gauges through hatches in the tops of tanks. Due to the tanks’ internal pressure, opening a hatch can release a plume of hydrocarbon gases. These gases can contain benzene, a carcinogen, as well as ethane, propane, and butane. NIOSH investigators have determined that concentrations of these hydrocarbons can exceed immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) levels near open tank hatches.

To limit worker exposures to hydrocarbons, NIOSH recommends that oil and gas extraction companies implement technology that allows remote monitoring of tank fluid levels. If remote monitoring isn’t feasible, use of respiratory protection may be required, including a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). NIOSH warns that air-purifying respirators will not protect workers from exposures to certain hydrocarbons and do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.

June/July By the Numbers

Sources

  • Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, “Evaluation of Some Potential Chemical Exposure Risks During Flowback Operations in Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction: Preliminary Results,” October 2014

  • NIOSH Science Blog, http://bit.ly/tankgauging and http://bit.ly/tankgauging-update

  • NIOSH, “Suspected Inhalation Fatalities Involving Workers during Manual Tank Gauging, Sampling, and Fluid Transfer Operations on Oil and Gas Well Sites, 2010-2014,” http://bit.ly/inhalation-report

  • Petro Global News, “After Nine Deaths, Industry Grapples with Inhalation Risks,” http://bit.ly/petro-inhalation

  • The Wall Street Journal, “Why Did These Oil Workers Die?” http://bit.ly/wsj-oilworkers

New Legionellosis Standard Establishes Risk Management Requirements

A new standard published by ASHRAE establishes minimum legionellosis risk management requirements for buildings and their associated water systems. According to ASHRAE, the standard is intended for use by owners and managers of human-occupied buildings and those involved in the design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and service of centralized building water systems and components.

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ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2015, Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems, provides specific requirements for what legionellosis control strategies must accomplish and how they should be documented. However, the new standard does not provide or place restrictions on specific strategies to be used or applied, ASHRAE’s press release notes. The standard also includes specific requirements related to the establishment of a “Program Team” and a “Water Management Program” for which building owners are responsible.

For more information, see ASHRAE’s press release on the new standard.

AIHA recently released new guidance on recognition, evaluation, and control of Legionella colonization and amplification in common building water systems, both with and without any associated disease such as legionellosis. For more information, see the guideline’s page.

IHs Tool for Respiratory Protection for Bioaerosols

Quebec-based research organization IRSST recently released a Web-based support tool intended to help industrial hygienists and occupational health and safety professionals, including physicians, choose respiratory protection against bioaerosols in the workplace. The tool guides users through a six-step process and proposes appropriate respiratory protection based on the hazards associated with infectious or non-infectious bioaerosols present in the workplace and workers’ level of exposure. Users are asked to provide information on the sector for which the tool is being used; the risk group; the air-quality control level in the workplace; and the bioaerosol generation rate. Based on the parameters selected by the user, the tool helps determine the assigned protection factor (APF) and then presents a table of various respirators and corresponding APFs.

According to IRSST, the new tool, which is based on a control-banding model developed by the organization, can be used in a variety of sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, municipalities, and businesses.

Access the tool online.

For more information on IRSST, visit the organization’s home page.

OHS Futures

On March 27, 2015, the Ministry of Jobs, Skills, Training and Labour opened the 2015 competition for the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Futures – Research Funding Program.

 OHS Futures is a research funding program to help support a better understanding of occupational health and safety issues in Alberta’s workplaces.  This program will enhance the partnership between the OHS program and experts across our province and Canada to make better policy for the issues of today and the emerging issues of tomorrow.

 OHS Futures is accepting research applications for projects to support the prevention of injury, illness and occupational disease in Alberta workplaces. The program is designed to increase the transparency of funding and assist in engaging researchers and other stakeholders in addressing the long term health and safety of Alberta’s workers and workplaces.

 OHS Futures started in 2014 and is distributing up to $1 million per year for three years for approved research projects. Results of the 2014 competition are posted on the OHS Futures website: work.alberta.ca/OHSFutures[work.alberta.ca].

 For the 2015 competition, the OHS Futures research priorities are grouped in two main categories: Broad OHS Themes and Specific Hazards, Health Outcomes, Populations, and Impacts.

 The Broad OHS Themes are:

 Work-Related Surveillance, Data, and Metrics

  • Programs, Initiatives, and Evaluation

 The Specific Hazards, Health Outcomes, Populations, and Impacts are:

 Work-related Chemical, Biological and/or Physical Hazards

  • Work-Related Psychological Hazards
  • Work-Related Health Outcomes
  • Interest Populations
  • Economic Impact

The application package consists of an online application and application supplement. It is now available on the OHS Futures website: work.alberta.ca/OHSFutures[work.alberta.ca]. The submission deadline is June 1, 2015.

Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact .

NIOSH Recommends Controls to Reduce Silica Exposure during Asphalt Pavement Milling

A new document published by NIOSH focuses on engineering controls for pavement-milling machines that can be used to reduce occupational exposures to respirable crystalline silica. The publication, which was developed through the Silica/Asphalt Milling Machine Partnership, represents more than ten years of collaborative research by labor, industry, and government to reduce silica exposure during asphalt pavement milling in highway construction.

According to NIOSH, approximately 367,000 U.S. workers employed in highway, street, and bridge construction are at risk of exposure to respirable crystalline silica. Many of these workers use or work in close proximity to cold-milling machines, which have toothed, rotating cutters that grind and remove asphalt pavement. The document provides recommendations to reduce silica dust exposure, including ventilation controls in addition to water sprays used to cool the cutting teeth of the milling machines.

The new publication also includes case studies in which NIOSH and its partners evaluated the effectiveness of changes in water spray applications on multiple job sites. Studies showed that worker exposure to silica from asphalt milling operations was lessened when machines used this dust control approach.

View the publication on NIOSH’s website.

The Silica/Asphalt Milling Machine Partnership was formed in 2003 and is coordinated by the National Asphalt Pavement Association. The partnership includes paving contractors; organizations such as the International Union of Operating Engineers and the Association of Equipment Manufacturers; government agencies such as OSHA, NIOSH, and the Federal Highway Administration; and all U.S. and foreign manufacturers of heavy construction equipment that currently sell pavement-milling machines to the U.S. market.

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